theology consists of formal reasoning about God.” This is admirably exact. Theologians, beginning with a wished-for creation of their own minds, analyze that creation’s characteristics by rigorous application of the principles of formal—that is, deductive—logic.

The word ‘proof’ should strictly only be used when we are dealing with deductive inferences…. Popper claimed that scientists only need to use deductive inferences…. So if a scientist is only interested in demonstrating that...